The man comes. If he sees the girl (and likes her), he goes and tells her (his mother), “Mother, I want to marry this person’s daughter.” The mother would come, and would speak to the father and mother (of the girl). After, they (her parents) would come and say to her, “if you want, take him.” Whatever they would say, the mother and father, the daughter would accept. He (the groom) would get engaged to her. (If) he wanted to marry her, how would they get married then? He would bring a ring and put it on her (and say) “you are dedicated to me”. That’s all. It would continue (like this) for two or three years, (and) in the end they would get married. As soon as he would bring the ring, they would do a small party for the family between themselves, and that’s (it). That’s how it was for us in Duz (Tuz Khurmatu). I don’t know…in Baghdad…I don’t know how it was. Sley (Sleymaniya). They (the engaged couple) wouldn’t go outside (date) or anything. Until they got married, she would talk to him. He would come to her place…if he and his mother and father came to see her…only on holidays he would come to her place to see her and talk to her. Until the wedding…and that’s it. They would do the henna ceremony, at the bride’s house. On the next day, he would be taken to the ritual bath, and she would go to the ritual bath. And she would invite all of her friends…(she would) invite her friends, (and) they would go to the ritual bath with her and throw a party at home. The girls would go to the house of the bride…(after the wedding) she would be only with the family of her husband.

I was the biggest (oldest)…with her I went out. I was big (older)…my brother and sister came to…take what was remaining in Baghdad. I was older, 16 years old. So I carried it all, I carried it on my shoulders because I was bigger than all of them. And my dad, they did to him…at age 80…they did eighty to him (they wrote his age as 80). He couldn’t work, and would cry all day. When we first came (to Israel), we went and worked in…they sent us to Pardes Hana. It was before Passover by one day. We came from Shaar HaAliyah, we came to Pardes Hana. Latif and I…people told us there was work here. We went down to Hadera, and worked. All day (we worked) for one Lira. We would go to the landlord. He would come on a cart on a horse, wanting two (or) three labourers. We would all go out on the horse. The landlord would shout, “I don’t want so many. I want […]. (I swear) on your life, on your life…(I swear) on your life, on your life, we don’t have anything to eat. Take us to work, I have the strength to work.” Every day for one Lira. We would return in the evening. And my dad would cry every day. I want to go. They organised for us to go to the transit camp, and they employed me to work. I would go to the employment bureau. I would tell him, “I want…in Tel Aviv.” He said to me, “The daughter of Menahem Daniel (a famous rich Iraqi Jew) doesn’t have such thing (luck, to be assigned in Tel-Aviv).” In the end I told him, “I want to be sent to Afula where…(my) family (is).” He said, “no. You cannot go (there). Search for another place.” They took me out to all the places. I went to see…in the end, we came to Tira.

We would make a sukka. My father built it…he would just come from the synagogue […] on the eve of Yom Kippur. (He would) bring and knock…wood. My uncle had a palm tree of…dates. We would go bring palm tree leaves. Dad and my brother would go to do the blessings at my uncle’s house. There was a palm tree there, and he would go and bring them from there. We used to put… dates… we would bring the date branches and put then in the sukka.. But…we (would) put it all around we used to put a mosquito net…we had a mosquito net, we would sleep on the roofs, we used to put (the mosquito net) in the sukka. On Sukkot, all of us, for eight days, we didn’t go to school. Only to the synagogue. We didn’t go outside. I don’t know if they were scared of the Muslims. I don’t know. They would only do it (Sukkot) in the synagogue. And at night, they would make meghli (a traditional hot drink made on Hoshana Rabba) all night…all night they would read (the Torah). Dad would make them meghli yes, he would make (it)…cardamon and cinnamon and…he would make it and bring it for my mother to drink. Ginger (too). He would make it so that they wouldn’t (need to) sleep all night. My dad was illiterate. He didn’t know how to read. His mother died when he was young and everyone would say, “poor (thing), (he is) an orphan”. His father went and got married (again)…(and) he (my father) did not study. But he used to go to the synagogue, and would say the blessings, but dad didn’t study.

On holidays we would all wear new (clothes) and bless (the wine and bread). As long as the Muslims didn’t know anything - they (should) not know how things went at home. Only we knew between ourselves. And we spoke our Arabic (dialect). They (Muslims) never knew (understood) how we spoke. We used to speak in Turkish with them there. And with…with my mother and siblings we spoke our Arabic (dialect). We would speak…we used to sing in Turkish. The woman stayed at home, just giving birth to children, and bringing children into the world, and raising children. The man (would) go work. The woman did not work in our case. And when a man came, the woman would have to do everything. The cooking, and bring (things) for him, and take it (away when he was finished). Everything. Whoever was the master of the house wouldn’t do anything. He (would) come from work and wash. Everything was ready and everyone would sit at the table and eat and drink. At night they would just sleep. I know my father…we were seven children. My father would just work. No…my (mother/grandmother) would also sew (things) for the Muslims on (their) holiday. My father had a spice shop. He used to sell…to send eggs and chickens to Baghdad. The mother would just…we used to do it all, me and my sister. We (would) go bring water. We didn’t have water in the house. I used to open the door, and the spring would go (flow) next to our house. We would bring it all. Until we grew older. (When) we were little, mother used to do it all at home. We were (like) big girls and such. I used to sing in Turkish.

When my grandmother…in the war. My grandfather was…handsome, like…blue eyes, and his hair was yellow (blond). He went with someone, his friend, who was Muslim. They (police) stopped him, (and asked) “where are you going?”. He (the Muslim friend) said to him, “leave him! Do not arrest him!”. He said to him, “we will give you whatever we have in our pockets. Just leave my friend”. (The officer) said to him, “no!”. This Muslim (friend) started to hit him (the officer). He said to him (to my grandmother), “Yaaqub, run!”. They stripped him of his clothes on the way, until he reached some place. They brought him a robe and put it on him because he was naked. And my grandmother remained, (with) three children…she had four children. She remained without food and without drink. Afterwards, the Muslim man came and took her to his house. Jews did not eat the meat of Muslims, so he would only give them vegetables. There were two girls and two boys. One of the girls was given milk to drink…she wouldn’t eat or drink. When she (finally) ate, she had a stomach ache and died. My grandmother used to tell me (this story). My uncle used to work in a hospital. (His son) said to him, “father, bring me Abd al-llah’s docto!”. He brought him, and he said to him, “what he has, this sickness, there is no cure for.” Then a Jew came. He said to him (to my uncle), “Abraham, you have a sewage pit (at home). (When) you clean it, does the smell remain on it or not?”. (My uncle) said to him, “it remains on it.” He (the Jew) said to him, “your son has this sickness. It has no cure”. In the end, he died.

The day of Shabbat…on Friday, we would cook and wash. In the evening, my father (would) go to the synagogue and he would recite blessings. The next day, we would go to the Muslims (neighbours) to bring hot water (because) we didn’t have any (on Shabbat). At our place we used to make tbeet…on the gas we would make it. We had gas. On the burner, (with) a wick, we used to do it. And for water, we would go to our neighbours’ place. We would bring water and boil tea. We would bring the tea and drink it. We would not light a flame at all. Once, (a thing) emerged on my hand…I don’t know what it was. I didn’t sleep all night. I was crying. My grandmother would put me on her knee and rock me so I would (be able to) sleep. In the end they said to her, “she has…you must bring a frog, and put it on her hand. (Then) tear the frog’s stomach up”. My mother went and brought the Muslim (worker) and said to him, “bring my daughter a frog”. He caught one and brought it to her, and she put it on my hand and wrapped it on my hand. And I (was) crying (because) it (was) hurting me. This was on a Friday. On Friday night my mother grabbed my hand and took me downstairs. She went outside…we did not have electricity. There was light on the street. She opened up my hand…suddenly she took it off me. She brought a razor and cut my hand. I will not forget it (in) my life. I went and slept for two days. Two nights and two nights I slept until my hand got better. Pizmonim…my grandfather would sing on Saturday evening, an uncle would sing…”el, eliyahu, bizkhut Eliyahu…”. My uncle would sing. They would bring us myrtle…the men. But the old women…were uneducated and did not go […] I would go after my grandmother all the time. I used to love sitting at her place. I used to go with her…from seven years old I already fasted.

We arrived, (and) they took us off the plane. We came to Shaar HaAliyah. We stayed for eight days. We did not have… my father would start crying every day. We were all without both food and drink. They gave us a big tent. We did not even have breakfast. They would give us water from the sea. We only wanted water and bread. Even that wasn’t (available). After, they took us to Pardes Hana. My siblings… my older brother did not come. My sister did not come. I was the oldest… and we brought clothes. Each person had a suitcase. They took us… in the morning, (and) brought us to Pardes Hana at night. They put us in a tent (with) maybe twenty families in it. This person was screaming, that person was crying, this person was yelling. They brought us. Two days later… we were old (enough), my brother Shaq and I. He was twelve years old at the time. And my brother Ghazi was ten years old. He could carry (things). And they would go wandering. He would wonder all day in the transit camp. Wherever there was a small tent we would go. Every day we would go to a different place. We would change our place, so that it would be good for us, quiet. We would go to work, and bring tomatoes, peppers. My mother went to buy… my cousin gave us a burner. My mother would cook. (When) we had money, we would go to the market there. My mother used to go buy Israeli couscous. Whatever was there at the market, we would bring. We would bring many things. My siblings would put it all in their pants. Cucumbers and tomatoes. They would give us eggs, (and) we would go sell them. People would walk and hear (us shouting) “eggs without water”. So that my mother could make food. What (could) we eat? It was hard for us in the transit camp. In the end we came to… by the road, we had a tent alone. (It was) white. All eight of us, nine people went inside it. We had beds. We would sleep on them, and go to work in the morning.